Journey’s End and the Accrington Pals †Class System Essay

Explore the ways in which the class system is exposed in both Journey’s End and The Accrington Pals. How far do you agree that Sherriff explores this aspect in his play more successfully than Whelan? The theme of class is one that is important in both R. C. Sherriff’s Journey’s End and Peter Whelan’s The Accrington Pals. Class is explored through the use of characterisation, setting, structure, dialogue and also political ideologies. Both Sherriff and Whelan may have chosen to develop the class system to emphasise the change it has undergone since the war ended. The Accrington Pals is a modern novel, first performed in 1982. As well as portraying the political views of the time, there are also echoes of Thatcherism. Whelan shows this conservative ideology through the character of May. May is a working-class stall owner who aspires to be middle-class and has middle-class ideals â€Å"they’re just waiting to see you stumble, slip back and be as they are. In the end it’s just you†¦yourself. We don’t create the rules of life. They’re there. † The same ideologies are hinted at in Sherriff’s Journey’s End. There were few plays written during the 1920’s that commented on political and social events and not a lot were very successful. Sherriff said in his autobiography that his characters were ‘simple, unquestioning men who fought the war because it seemed the only right and proper thing to do †¦ (it was a play) in which not a word was spoken against the war †¦ and no word of condemnation was uttered †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ What he hoped to do was to show ‘how men really lived in the trenches, how they talked and how they behaved. ’ Although unintentional there is clear class distinction and, like The Accrington Pals, a conservative ideology. In both plays there are clear divisions between the middle and working classes, this is shown through characterisation. Sherriff exposes the class system through the use of his characterisation of the officers and serving soldiers, he portrays the officers as being from the middle-class, public school section of society. For example, Raleigh is a public schoolboy who is, †just out from England†. He is also the only officer there who has â€Å"never been up on the line before. Due to his class, he is immediately instigated as an officer and therefore as a lot in common with the other officers in the dugout. He speaks with a Received Pronunciation accent (Queen’s English) and uses a lot of sporting idioms â€Å"He was a skipper of rugger at Barford, and kept wicket for the eleven. A jolly good bat, too. † The use of the sporting language here is closely associated with an education in a public school. Raleigh’s enthusiasm when speaking of his school days also emphasises his inexperience with war and the effect it has on people. This is a huge contrast to the character of Tom in The Accrington Pals, who is a working-class boy that lodges with May. Like Raleigh he is inexperienced with the workings of war. He studied at an art school and before joining the Pals, was an apprenticed lithographer and helped May run her stall. He has socialist and progressive views, which contrast greatly with the conservative ideals of Journey’s End. â€Å"It’s a free exchange of skills†¦of produce of hand or brain. That’s what’s needed. Not money. † Whelan may have drawn inspiration for the character of Tom from the Russian revolution of 1917 that lead to the monarchy falling and a provisional government being elected. It was dubbed the ‘socialist revolution’ and Tom shares similar ideals to the Russian working-class. Setting is an important form which exposes the class system. In Journey’s End, although the characters are no longer at home, they are served three-course meals and are waited on by servants. The officers are treated differently to the soldiers and still live in a similar manner they were accustomed to back home. For example, there is an incident in the play where Mason, the officers’ cook, forgets to pack the pepper in the mess box. The soldiers tell him to fetch someone get the pepper because â€Å"war’s bad enough with pepper – but war without pepper – it’s – it’s bloody awful! † Trotter’s uniform is also rather small suggesting he has put on weight and has been eating well, unlike the ordinary soldiers who eat bread and cheese. Although the officers are eating well, the food they have is questionable â€Å"What kind of soup is this, Mason? It’s yellow soup, sir. It’s got a very deep yellow flavour. † Their living conditions are not very habitable either. When Hardy is showing Osborne the dugout he explains how the beds are in poor condition â€Å"The ones in the other dugout haven’t got any bottoms to them. You keep yourself in by hanging your arms and legs over the sides. Mustn’t hang your legs too low, or the rats gnaw your boots. † The dugout is described in a warren-like way which makes the audience feel claustrophobic, â€Å"Two officers in here, and three in there. [He points to the right-hand tunnel. ]† The small setting allowed him to include extremes of emotion. In stressful situations, strained emotions are to be expected. In creating a play which leapt from high drama to calm, Sherriff showed a true understanding of human psychology and of the war itself. The main areas of setting in The Accrington Pals are May’s stall and her kitchen in her home, but other locations (such as Sarah’s backyard and the recruitment office) are also used. Some scenes cross-fade into each other, suggesting there are connections between the two scenes – for example, Act Two, Scene one, which begins with Ralph and Eva both lit on stage, Ralph being close to the front lines in in France and Eva in May’s kitchen. This scene isn’t just marked by the lighting change but also the change in sound, from the machine guns giving way to the sewing machines whirring. â€Å"The light on Ralph fades. There is more light on Eva who begins to work on the dress with a sewing machine. The sound of the sewing machine rises above the fading away of the machine guns. † One of Whelan’s qualities is the ability to give an impression of reality in the play with his use of, setting, lighting and sound. Journey’s End takes part over the space of four days and is presented in three acts. There is a very limited and confined time span and claustrophobic setting. The play is linked by a series of almost unrelated scenes; the disorganised nature of the play reflects the state of war; it has a jerky feel about it, where events do need lead on neatly or naturally onto the next. The play includes a number of complications, moments of drama and an exploration of the characters’ reactions and relationships showing the conditions of the war, leaving the audience to come to their own conclusions about the abrupt ending. These complications lead to mini climaxes all throughout the play, for example Raleigh’s letter in Act Two at the end of Scene 1. Stanhope confiscates a letter from Raleigh insisting on his right to censor it. Stanhope is in a relationship with Raleigh’s sister and is worried that, in the letter, Raleigh will reveal Stanhope’s growing alcoholism. He is surprised to find that the letter is full of praise for him, â€Å"He hardly ever sleeps in the dugout; he’s always up in the front line with the men, cheering them on with jokes, and making them keen about things, like he did the kids at school. This complication is resolved however and the play moved on to its next complication: the raid. The use of Mason as a character is to provide moments of light relief to the audience. â€Å"There was a bit of lean in the middle of yours, sir, but it’s kind of shrunk up in the cooking. † He brings a sense of normality to the war around them. The structure of The Accrington Pals is slightly different. It is split into two acts, with ten scenes in Act One and eight in Act Two and takes place over the space of two years (1914 to 1916). The play begins with the central relationship of Tom and May. Gradually as the play moves on May becomes the centre of the play. The relationship between Tom and May is then compared to the physical one of Ralph and Eva, whom may envies for her instinctive qualities. Throughout the play may increasing isolates herself from the people around her, for example ordering both Tom (Act One, Scene Six) and Eva (Act Two, Scene Six) from her home. It is almost as though she would prefer the safety and consistency of life alone to that of an intimate relationship. The final scene with Eva and Reggie suggests that May with accept life and carry on â€Å"I need you to put me right. † Whelan also applies film techniques to the play. The technique in Act Two, Scene Seven by which reality fades into May’s dream or nightmare as it may be, is very similar to what you would find in a film. The fluency of the scene enabled Whelan to develop a dialectic structure in which the scenes are viewed in relation to each other.

Methods of Evangelism Essay

Of the two evangelistic intellectual methods, I have chosen to research the â€Å"Four Spiritual Laws.† Bill Bright wrote, â€Å"Just as there are physical laws that govern how the physical universe, so are there spiritual laws that govern your relationship with God. This method is most used in presenting the Gospel to someone because it is simpler. Bill Bright, the founder of Campus Crusade for Christ, originally wrote this as a booklet. This booklet was designed to help individuals to be more effectual in their witness for Jesus. The Four Spiritual Laws are used to convict, convince, and convert. The Laws are as followed: Law 1: God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life. [John 3:16] Law 2: Man is sinful and separated from God. [Roman 3:23] Law 3: Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for man’s sin. Through Him, you can know and experience God’s love and plan for your life. [Roman 5:8] Law 4: We must individually receive Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord; then we can know and experience God’s love and plan for our lives. [John 1:12] According to my research the advantages of using the Four Spiritual Laws approach are, they enable one to be prepared because it is [so simple] and represents the basic truths of the Gospel of Jesus. This method allows you to open up an easy conversation the right way. For example, â€Å"I have been a Christian for years, and I have just recently found a way to express my faith that genuinely makes sense. I would like to share it with you. Have you heard of the Four Spiritual Laws?† At the same time, the most understandable way to explain the Laws is to read the booklet aloud. It gives one the confidence of already knowing what to say because it distinctly pre sents the claims of Jesus Christ. Above all, this is essential to pass on to a non-believer (2 Timothy 2:2). Furthermore, in using this method you can explain all the marvelous things that are waiting for you when you receive Jesus as your Lord. Declaring what the Bibles says, â€Å"If you declare with your mouth, â€Å"Jesus is Lord,† and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For it is with your heart that you will believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your faith and are saved (Romans 10: 9-10). Afterwards, you can encourage an individual to ask questions. Alternatively, there are a couple of disadvantages to using the Four Spiritual Laws. Even though, this method has been effectively used, it can be somewhat confusing to the person whom did not grow up in a Christian culture. An example would be, â€Å"telling someone God has an incredible plan for their life.† This may ultimately sound as if you only have to believe in Jesus, and all your problems will be gone. However, the Bible never promises life will be wonderful. It says, â€Å"Indeed, all who desire to live Godly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted† (2 Timothy 3:12). In other words, even though the Laws explains that you can have an incredible life if you accept Jesus and believe that he died on the cross for you; this is a point that [cannot] be over expressed, but can be reiterated by quoting John 10:10. Another disadvantage in using this method is it does not define sin. In first John, it says that sin is lawlessness, (i.e. Breaking God’s law). While the Four Spiritual Laws does explained sin as being separated from God, it does not explain [what] separates us from God, which in reality is our disobedience of God. Because of our rapidly changing world you cannot automatically assume that everyone understands what sin is. So, when using the Four Spiritual Laws, it is essential to explain sin. Non-believers need to understand that the word sin means breaking God’s laws. Ultimately, this would give the believer a chance to introduce the Ten Commandments, further making them understand the need for a savior. Part TWO- Evangelistic Method #2 Of the Relational Methods, I have chosen to explore â€Å"Lifestyle Evangelism.† In summary, this method is essentially demonstrating ones faith by their actions. It is the most effective way of winning souls. This method should be used on people, whom one interact with the most, people who know someone and see them on a regular basis. Lifestyle evangelism creates a nurturing environment to extend an invitation to Christ. This means an unbeliever will feel a sense of belonging before becoming a believer. Research has shown that a non-believer would be likely to give a believer the opportunity to share their faith, when the believer’s life has proven that their words are sincere, and life altering. In this way, the non-believer would feel a sense of worth before they expose themselves to the Inspired Word. There are some advantages to using the Lifestyle Relational method. In particular, the Father sent Jesus to be the absolute light, to be an example, and demonstrate how people of God should live. We should be living proof that Our Father is who he says he is; that Christ truly is the Son who freed people from slavery to self; and that the Holy Spirit honestly can transform our life. This is truly an advantage affirmation. This example of showing is not a substitute for telling. If words were all we used to explain the gospel, then people would never understand it enough to submit to Jesus. However, showing a person is a necessary preparation for telling. People will always buy into your words when your actions back them up. We must live a life that shows Jesus Christ. Christ told His disciples, â€Å"Let your light shine before men that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven† (Matt. 5:16). This means the way we handle business, the way we play games, the way we prepare for tests, the way we interact with family. Every thing we do should allow Christ to shine daily in our lives. Another advantage of using the Lifestyle Relational method would be that it is the most profitable and productive method. It not only produces but allows one to be converted, as well as become a disciple, which is what Jesus calls us to do (Matt. 28:19). In today’s culture, when it comes to the truth of the Scriptures, people want to see it validated and lived out in another before they will accept it as the valid truth. Inasmuch as, there are advantages to this method there are disadvantages, as well. One primary disadvantage to this approach is that it can be an easy excuse for Believers. Consequently, instead of aggressively and diligently pursing evangelistic opportunities, Believers may convince themselves that if they just lead honest lives, are open and friendly in sharing their faith, God will take care of the rest. The truth is to be an effective evangelist; you have to be more aggressive in your selection of friends; as well as identifying non-believers with whom you relate to comfortably and who you enjoy being around. Another disadvantage to this method of evangelism is that; it is the most customary approach used among evangelists; it is especially universal among those who share their faith the [least] and who are less likely to [know] of anyone accepting Jesus through these efforts. Lastly, this method is one that is discredited by the Scriptures. Part THREE- Evangelistic Method #3 The â€Å"Confrontational† evangelistic method I have chosen to explore is the Door to Door Evangelism. In summary, this method began with D. James Kennedy in 1960. After preaching at the Coral Ridge Church in Fort Lauderdale, FL; James Kennedy realized that he was afraid to confront unbelievers with the truth of the gospel. Surprisingly, being invited to Decatur, GA to conduct a gospel campaign, he was introduced to presenting the gospel door to door. After he had returned to the church in Florida, he implemented the principles he had learned, and called them the â€Å"Evangelism Explosion.† The primary purpose of Door to Door evangelism is to build relational bridges between the community and the local church. The Bible shows us how the Lord used this method effectively during the history of the church, from the time of the early church until today. Door to Door work is part of the church’s ‘Level One Sowing’ strategy. It is going to the people ins tead of waiting for them to come to the church. Furthermore, this method of evangelism is one of the few ways that ascertains each household can be reached with the gospel. With this in mind, there are some advantages to using this method of evangelism. For example, almost anyone can do this technique of outreach; because there are no rare or exceptional skills required. Another key advantage; like all outreach it conveys that the church is interested enough to go out to the people. It also opens up valuable contacts for far more than ordinary evangelism. Lastly, it is a fairly cheap means of outreach, and easy to organize. Nevertheless, this method of evangelism is not without its disadvantages and critics. Since 1973, research has shown and labeled this method to be outdated, old fashioned and ineffective in today’s society. Consequently, when doing door to door work it should be done in teams; and always done in teams when ladies are involved. However, this presents a problem because building mixed sex teams are not always easy to organize. Another disadvantage is that some forms of this method are not suitable for the younger generation. Lastly, it is hard to motivate people to do this form of evangelism. In essence, once they begin, many individuals find it enjoyable and much easier than expected. Part FOUR – Application of These Methods to Your Own Life The method that I have chosen that suits me best is Lifestyle Evangelism. I chose this one because when Jesus said, He did not come to â€Å"to be served, but to serve, and to give His life,† He was not just explaining His mission; He was showing us how to live (Matt. 20:28). For me, living a life that is Holy and acceptable in God’s eyes is the best way to show others how much work He has done in me, for me and through me. This method works best for me because, when I walk the walk, I can talk the talk because it shows. This allows me to introduce Jesus to many of the people around me, from the grocery store to the car wash. Even when I am not actively evangelizing I am because of my lifestyle. I may not always see the role I play in different people lives, but according to our text states we should constantly plant the seeds of gospel. There are some whom will plant and others will water. This role of evangelism is comfortable for me. It allows me to approach non-believers with confidence, to share my testimony. Being an evangelist for Jesus has become cool, and why not? Personally, it feels incredible to choose good over evil. Living an acceptable life for Christ, is allowing God to shape my character into the likeness of Him. Evangelizing should not be something we do every now and again, but it should be the way we are call to live. My attitude should be the same as Jesus. Apostle Paul said it like this, â€Å"In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Christ Jesus: Who, being in very nature of God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage, rather he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness (Philip. 2:5-7). While writing this paper, I received a compliment from a stranger. I thought it was the best compliment I have ever received. It was, â€Å"Miss, are you a Pastor or Evangelist, I ask because you have an [anointed] air about you.† I was taken back, and when I thought about it, tears fell. This is my daily prayer that I would decrease, and God would increase in me. References BibleGateway.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.biblegateway.com Bright, B. (n.d.). Four Spiritual Laws Online. Retrieved from http://www.campuscrusade.com/index.html Earley, D., & Wheeler, D. (n.d.). Spiritual Farming. In Evangelism Is: How to Share Jesus with Passion and Confidence (pp. 85-92). Relational Evangelism. (n.d.). Http://www.cmfhq.org/Portals/0/acrobat/training/Rel_Evangelism Stewart, D. J. (n.d.). Confrontational Soul Winning †¦Verses Lifestyle Evangelism. Retrieved from http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Believer’s%20Corner/confrontational_soulwinning.htm You Can Share The Gospel. (n.d.). MTA BIBLE. Retrieved from http://www.mtabible.com/evangelism-methods/10-four-spiritual-laws.php

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Architecture in the Machine Age - Essay Example Three new materials were generated in the field of architecture in the industrial revolution during the 20th century: steel glass and reinforced concrete (Giedion, 1954). These new materials were flexible to use, mass produced and inexpensive. These impacted American cities in a big way by allowing better density through taller buildings. During 1850-1900, the Crafts and Art Movement was a response to industrial revolution. In 1765, James Watt invented steam engine and it propelled the mechanization of transportation, industry, and agriculture. In Britain, that altered the lives of working people. The towns and cities developed to accommodate the expansion of industries and the introduction of new workers who came from the countryside for employment. However, the standard of living deteriorated slowly and people felt that the life had changed but for the worst.‘In England’, many had given up the rural lifestyle. From the green and ‘pleasant land’ they came a nd joined the industrial revolution, - 'dark Satanic mills' for the purpose of an employment. As a result, the workers lost the feel of belongingness and security, which generally comes from staying in a smaller community.The members of the movement of Arts and Crafts included architects, designers, artists, writers and craftsmen Guillà ¢en, They were afraid the industrialization was demolishing the traditional crafts and skills. The credit went to machines for producing the quality goods with high skill and design.

The Economic, Social And Physical Impacts Of ECOC Essay Example for Free

The Economic, Social And Physical Impacts Of ECOC Essay The award of European Capital of Culture to Liverpool (ECOC) 2008 in 2003 helped to revive the dreams of this south eastern city as it had been experiencing an all time economic low. As the city seeks to revive the former image of its city centre, industrial sites and economy, it has adopted the legacy of culture – led regeneration. The people of this city have been seeking to take Liverpool from economic and cultural oblivion to where it is supposed to be today. Liverpool has grown from economic decline to new improving heights of economic growth which are still on an upward trend due to numerous investment activities. The award of ECOC has seen the city achieve tremendous growth in all sectors for example the industrial, investment and cultural sectors. The economic, social and environmental impacts of ECOC In June 2003, Liverpool surprised many by being nominated to become UK’s European Capital of Culture, ECOC (2008). This decision was influenced by several factors such as the city’s art collections, a wide range of cultural collections as well as the city’s architecture. This has in some way contributed to several regeneration objectives. The award of Liverpool ECOC 2008 has greatly enabled the city to emerge from a state of economic decline to a vibrant economy. In fact Liverpool’s economy is among the leading in the entire UK. The city has been regenerated and sites which had been neglected have undergone renewal to such an extend that they now fit the class of a world-class city. Liverpool needs to strike a balance between the social, cultural and economic dimensions of urban regeneration of an event-driven nature with a view to strengthening the role played by urban cultural policy. This city will succeed to re-image and regenerate itself through special events and cultural activity. Fortunately, the opportunity to do these two most important things has been granted by the award in 2003 of ECOC. It is now upon the city to make the most of this chance and lift itself from the economic problems it has been facing for sometime now. Liverpool needs to strike a balance between the social, cultural and economic dimensions of urban regeneration of an event-driven nature with a view to strengthening the role played by urban cultural policy. This city will succeed to re-image and regenerate itself through special events and cultural activity. Fortunately, the opportunity to do these two most important things has been granted by the award in 2003 of ECOC. It is now upon the city to make the most of this chance and lift itself from the economic problems it has been facing for sometime now. The future of the cities that will become ECOC cities looks bright as the standards have been set (Booth, 1996, p. 79). They can draw from the examples of Liverpool, Glasgow and Barcelona in order to plan on how to approach the three major issues of economic growth, cultural and social development all balanced (Balibrea, 2001, p. 187-210). The growing interest to use of culture as a tool to facilitate urban regeneration is a result of efforts whose objective is to turn industrial cities into economies that are service-oriented. This legacy has been highly successful in Liverpool. It has impacted positively drawing the attention to potential investors to this city which has resulted in an economic turnaround. For over 30 years, this has been the major preoccupation of many European cities who are members of European Capital of Culture (ECOC). In 1990, Glasgow became the first city to engage actively in ECOC assessment and this has shaped the objectives of ECOC members since then. For Glasgow, this assessment bore fruits as the economic impact was instant. Liverpool on its part emphasizes strong community involvement (Gomez, 1998, p. 85). The danger with this approach is that the authorities in charge of this initiative seem to be focusing too much on social cohesion to the detriment of the projected financial and economic impacts. Future ECOC cities need to draw a balance between socio-cultural and economic objectives so as to arrive at achievable objectives for an all round development of their cities (Boyle, 1997, p. 96). ECOC 08 will be assessed in terms of economic, social and physical impacts. On the field of economics, the four areas that need to be assessed carefully are; job creation, unemployment, tourism and the business or corporate sector. The reorganization of the city’s physical features for example parks and playgrounds and the control of industrial emissions impact a lot on the environment The award of Liverpool ECOC 2008 has had both positive and negative results, but the gains outweigh the losses by a big margin. The establishment of Urban Regeneration Company paved the way for urban renaissance (Du Noyer, 2002, pp. 63-71. This was the first of its kind in the country. Another driving force was the success of the culture bid which has facilitated the starting up of many economic activities which have been of a lot of benefit to the city of Liverpool (Bianchini, 1990. pp. 41-68). This came along with various economic benefits for example in the tourism sector as the number of visitors to Liverpool in one year more than doubled. It was expected that 12,000 more jobs would be created in the tourism sector. The branding of Liverpool as ‘the world in one city’ has resulted in many economic gains, not only in the tourism sector, but in several other areas. This slogan simply implies cosmopolitanism, multiculturalism and social diversity. It has generated an additional spending of 2 billion pounds into the city’s economy which is a major boost to the overall economy which had been lagging far behind those of other cities and even that of England as a country (Duffy Hutchinson, 1997, p. 41). It is justifiable to say that Liverpool’s bid has been successful in reversing economic decline, a factor that has been occasioned by a change in the way the city’s government formulates its policies. Besides, the award has triggered a wave of numerous investments in the city. This has been a major boost to the economy of Liverpool and it is no wonder it is the most flourishing economy in the country, having outgrown that of the country itself. It is a fact that regeneration programmes that lack the component of culture can not work, and as a result of this Liverpool has incorporated into its programmes this dimension of evaluation. This has offered a chance for involvement by the community in the urban policy of the city and it is through this genuine involvement that a successful regeneration has been achieved. Urban entrepreneurialism has got a chance in the city and many investors have established various businesses in the various sectors that have come up in the wake of the award. Private sector investment has been on a sharp increase in this city especially in the retail business, call-centres, offices and hotels. The overall number of tourists visiting the city of Liverpool has increased at a very high rate and the spending of has almost doubled from 335 million pounds to 604 million pounds. The number of International passengers arriving at Liverpool airport has also increased to 190 percent. The impact of this trend is an improved economy, more job creation and an increase in social activities due to interaction with people of different cultures from all over the world and the result is an enrichment of the cities culture (Kong, L. 2000 pp 385-390). The impacts of ECOC 08 are that there has been a registered growth of employment of up to 10. 4%, and this growth is higher than that of all other major cities of the UK, for example Manchester, London and Birmingham. The economy of Liverpool has been enjoying a steady growth over the years and it is now catching up with the rest of the other cities in the UK. This has been aided by the political changes that have taken place since 2003 when it was awarded ECOC 08. The average economic growth is actually above that of the UK itself. Besides bringing considerable economic gains, Liverpool ECOC 08 has enabled investment; specifically in those projects that promote social cohesion as well as those that promote cultural activity on a grassroots level. Projects whose job is to redevelop central parts of Liverpool are increasingly becoming prominent. Paradise Street is one such part which is being developed at a cost of 800 million pounds. The benefits of this project include the creation of four thousand permanent jobs mainly in the retailing sector. Merseyside has not been left behind as private investment has been on a rapid increase, and there is a 30% increase in the investors who have shown interest in putting up investments there as announced by Mersey Partnership, a group that has been on the fore front pushing for this cause. This in turn translates to an increment in job creation and subsequently more employment opportunities. Potential investors have been flocking Liverpool to get a chance to do business in the wake of the Liverpool ECOC 08 award. The housing sector is among the greatest beneficiaries. The investors in this sector have been making supernormal profits given the fact that property prices have risen by 10 percent. This indeed is a considerable increase and the implication is that profits have also gone up by the same margin if not more. This has been brought about by speculation which has kept these prices going up (Eisinger, 2000. p. 36). This sector is experiencing speculative purchases and this is the main factor which has been driving prices up. The success story of Liverpool is attributed to the report called ‘socio-economic assessment impact’ plan which was drafted way before the city won the bid. This impact assessment would be put in place in the event of Liverpool winning the bid, which it did, and therefore it started from a point of advantage having anticipated and prepared enough for the sudden change of status and the way business would be conducted afterwards. This report had as principal focus assessment of the economic impact the award would bring to Liverpool, Merseyside including the North West region. It focuses on what the culture is able to make in terms of the urban competitiveness, critical mass in culture sport which are the basic requirements for the city as well as the national economy to be competitive. The report undertook a detailed analysis on the trends of employment industries and creative culture based in the city (Duffy Hutchinson, 1997, p. 40. The increase in investors in Liverpool has had the positive impact of the creation of 32,000 new jobs which had been projected in the report. These jobs are mainly in the cultural as well as the creative industries. This has been successful as a result of trend growth. Liverpool is a shining example of economic success. This is so because the city had been going through economic recession prior to the late 1990s when its council’s senior management had to be radically reorganized and attention was shifted to addressing the issue of economic decline which had been the case for over 30 years. The driving force to this sudden change of things was as the result of a study called the ‘Liverpool – Manchester Vision Study’ which sought to find a solution to the woes that had been facing these cities for a long time (Cochrane, Peck Tickell, 1996, pp. 3-79). The ultimate solution to this would be to draft a legacy which includes all the stakeholders, more specifically in the tourism sector where everybody had to be brought on board. Liverpool’s renaissance draws heavily from a policy agenda which is pro-growth in orientation but the problem with this renaissance is that the distribution of resources is unequal. This explai ns the rather odd fact that the poorest people in the UK are to be found in Merseyside (Evans, 2003, p. 83). These are families who earn less than 10,000 pounds per year. The council authorities in Liverpool should not lose focus neither let go of the opportunity presented by the award so as to draw up legacies that will help spur socio – economic growth. This should be done with the aim of raising the standards of living for these people, especially those of Merseyside. On the social impacts, the local people have shown an increase of interest in cultural activities and as a result almost all creative artists are local. These local artists account for 90 percent of the total number of artists that the city has, with only 10 percent coming from outside Liverpool (Landry, 2000, p. 72). This city has an encouraging record when it comes to cultural innovation but it has a very long way to go because it still has the worst cases of inequalities in the entire UK. This seems to be getting some attention because in re-branding the city, an attempt has been made to address such inequalities as well as poverty and as a result multiculturalism as well as ethnic diversity has been adopted (Cheshire, 1990. p. 39). A god example of this inequality is the Somali community in the range of 2500-300 living in Liverpool and despite their continued stay they still can not speak, write or read English (Atkinson, 2003, pp 67-95). This clearly is an indication that they have not been included in the council’s programmes and certainly something has to be done to bring them on board for purposes of cultural diversity. For a solution, the local council and the government should make it a priority to bring improvements that are sustainable and long term. This is a picture of the cultural aspects that shape the cultural and social landscape of the diverse people of the city of Liverpool. Liverpool is undergoing re-branding and therefore it needs to be on the watch out for contradictions that are likely to emerge. These developments have not had much of a negative impact on the environment as pollution has been contained. The advantage is that the city has been cleaner than before, an effort that has been put so as to attract more investors and to promote tourism. Conclusion Future ECOC cities need to draw from the example of Liverpool and draw comparisons with the big success of Glasgow in order to draw realistic objectives for the development of their cities economically, culturally, socially and industrially. This is the only way through which these cities can be sure of a future legacy. This formula has worked before and its implementation should not be very difficult if the objectives that they set are realistic. In drawing their objectives, future ECOC cities should thoroughly assess their potentials, weigh their options and get their priorities right to avoid some of the shortcomings that Liverpool has been experiencing as a result of emphasizing too much on some areas and giving others little attention. The environment should be a major consideration in policy-making. The topic of environment has been the ‘Achilles heel’ of many industrialists and this signifies the importance it should be accorded. There should be regulations on how industrial waste should be disposed of in order to avoid polluting the environment, for the safety of all. The government must ensure that the city sustains this kind of industrial growth and increase its efforts towards the coexistence of the different communities for faster growth and development. The cities that aspire to be ECOC cities should do a lot especially in the areas of cultural diversity and regeneration so as to achieve this goal.

Qualities of a Successful leader

Qualities of a Successful leader Introduction Management is concerned with human beings whose behaviour is highly unpredictable. An individual or a group of people who accept responsibility to run an organisation and direct its activities are called management. The importance of management in business is universally accepted. It acts as a driving force in business. Modern business is highly competitive and needs efficient and capable management. According to Peter Drucker (2007), management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work. Manager A manager is a person tasked with overseeing employees to ensure that they carry out their assigned duties. (www.wisegeek.com) Qualities of a Successful leader Leadership Qualities Personal Traits Managerial Traits Self-confidence, initiative innovative, emotional maturity, intelligence, decisiveness, vision foresight, acceptance of responsibility. Knowledge of human skill, administrative ability, technical knowledge, ability to deal with people, ability to judge and decide quickly. (Appleby.R, 1969) Leadership Leadership is followership. Leadership is not a quality which is in born. Its a quality which can be developed from within. Leadership is a strategy used, by which a manager influences the employees to achieve the tasks and objectives and keep the organization together and focused to strive hard towards its goals. Leadership is often a dynamic activity concerned with changing attitude. They are more inspirational and involve more emotional input than management. (www.skagitwatershed.org). According to Koontz ODonnell, â€Å"leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinate to work with confidence and zeal. (Kale.N, 2006) Discussion: Styles of leadership and motivation, which can be used by a Manager. There are 4 basic styles of leadership. Autocratic Bureaucratic Laissez-faire Democratic But the styles which are mainly and widely used in most of the organisations are as follows: Autocratic style: This is a method which takes place in most of the organisations. In this style the manager keeps control over everything. They give orders and draw lines. There is a strong supervision on the employees. Employees do not get an opportunity to discuss or give their suggestions or inputs. They have to follow the instructions given. In this method the motivation is either encouraged by rewards or punishments. This style has been criticized from past many years. The most important drawback of this style is that it has always been a higher staff turnover and staff not turning up to work with an excuse of illness. (Gaynor. G, 2004). This leadership style falls under theory x by Douglas Mc gregor. For example: This is sometimes being observed in the hotel industry. Where the manager sets up the rules, orders and staff has to follow them without any discussions or opinions. Characteristics Managers mostly depend on threats and punishments to get the work done from their subordinates. Most important factor that there is no trust on the employees. Employees do not play any role in the management decision and discussions. Situation 1: The new staff has just joined the front office department in a 4 star hotel. She has worked before in many hotels with different types of systems. The systems used in this hotel are new for her. She is completely new and untrained so she needs to be trained on the systems. As she is new to the company, the service standards are purely different then what she has seen in the past, so she needs to be under detailed supervision, for that she needs to follow instructions orders. The hotel is really busy place and they are also understaffed. If she makes a mistake, there is no time to sort out the issue on the spot. The management has just changed before she joined the hotel so everything before was poorly managed. So she has to follow up the orders there is no time for discussions or suggestions. She has to deliver the best performance under the instructions of the manager. This clearly shows that in the situation mentioned above, the manager needs to use an Autocratic style of leaders hip. Democratic style: Democratic leadership is also called as participative leadership. This is a strategy where the subordinates or staffs can actually participate in the discussions and decisions. Everything is done systematically in this leadership style. The manager will meet the employees, inform them about the issues emerging that might affect their work or the organisation and then shares the information in order to make decisions and to decide who will sort out the problems and with what responsibilities. (Surridge.M 2004). This leadership style falls under theory y by Douglas Mc gregor. For example: Many giant corporate companies who are into retailing and car industry would follow this style. Where there is a trust between higher management and the subordinates in regards to suggestions and decision making and planning. Characteristics The manager will develop a strategy, a plan to support the employees to review and improve their performance. The manager will actually work hand-in-hand with employees to achieve the goals and objectives. Manager encourages the staffs to grow up in their work performance and inspire them towards the promotion. Situation 2: BMW is a giant car manufacturing company. It has a good reputation in building its luxury cars. They have strived hard to gain their customer satisfaction. Within one of their plant in UK, the business is going well. They are proper staffed. Also the production manager of that plant is keen on discussing/meeting every week with the employees of all the departments and would like to get suggestions and opinions from all the subordinates regarding any current issues, problems and solving them. The manager discusses the performance of each every employee to give them a review of their work to support them to bring themselves to success. He creates an environment of building a team and participation where everyone gets involved equally in every situation faced by the company. This shows that the manager does trust his employees do achieve their objectives. In this situation the manager would use a Democratic style of leadership. Motivation Motivation is an art of getting things done willingly from others. The term motivation is derived from Latin word ‘movere which means to move. Motivating means encouraging people to take more initiative and interest in the work assigned. Motivation is the inner psychological forces in an individual which induce him or her to act or not in a particular way. The creation of the desire and willingness to perform the job efficiently is what is generally known as motivation. (Ahmed. M, 2006) â€Å"Motivation means, a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish the desired goal†. (W.G.Scot) Who needs Motivation Individuals who are just performing their routine work without any new ideas or bringing initiatives in their work. Those people who just do their work and count minutes to end their shifts. These kind of people need motivation and inspiration. Types of Motivation Intrinsic motivation: People who are naturally motivated by having a desire to participate to participate and face new experiences. These people do not rely on rewards or benefits for their performance. They develop their motivation by self-developing their qualities for any kind of challenging work. (www.giftedkids.about.com) Extrinsic motivation: These people need motivation from outside, externally. This includes encouraging the employees artificially, like: offering bonus, compensations, benefits and pay rise. Instead of being eager to grasp the tough situations. These individuals get motivated by only manually assigning them the challenging projects. (www.giftedkids.about.com) MOTIVATION INTRENSIC EXTRINSIC Theories of Motivation The eminent psychologist Douglas McGregor has called the theory of motivation as Theory x and Theory y. the traditional approach to management is as explained as theory x and professional approach is explained as theory y. the theory is explained into two sets of employees based on the perception of human nature. (Kale. N, 2006) Theory x is static, rigid, conservative and pessimistic. Theory y is optimistic, dynamic, flexible and progressive. More importance is given to external control imposed by the superior on the subordinate in theory x. according to the theory y people are basically positive in their approach. As pointed by D. McGregor that managers need not follow only one theory for motivating subordinates. They can use both the theories depending on the situation. Theory y is more democratic and is also suitable to present trends in the business world. Whereas Abraham Maslows theory of motivation has identified five sets of human needs arranged in a hierarchy of their importance and priority. Security/ safety needs Social needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs Hence both the theories are linked with each other and have limitations and as we see McGregors theory is somewhere based on the assumptions made by Maslows hierarchy of needs. The lower tier showed as theory x and the higher tier is showed as theory y. Maslows theory has certain criticisms like; Its based on human needs only It fails to refer the other motivating factors like expectations and experience. Peak experiences Self-actualization Psychological needs Safety needs Basic needs Maslows hierarchy theory of needs (Prabhu. V, 2005) Thus Maslows theory is an empirical theory. Its more philosophical then scientific. Whereas McGregor has discarded the assumptions of classical school of thought. He has rightly given his preference for theory y that facilitates building and development of an organization. References www.jstor.org/pss/254978 (scott motivation) (Edition 2 the essential drucker by Butterworth- Heinemann)

Analysis Of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Finance Essay

Analysis Of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Finance Essay Dutch lady is a company that emphasis on the production of the daily product such as sweetener, yogurt, fresh milk and milk powder. Dutch lady had been starting their business in Malaysia since 1950s. The history of Dutch Lady Corporation in Malaysia begins after World War II, Dutch lady was among the several brands that imports the sweetened condensed milk from its parents company in Holland via local importers and wholesalers. In 1954, Atrading company Friesland (Malaya) Pte. Ltd. based in Singapore was formed to market the sweetened condenses milk imported from Holland in Malaya and Singapore. Dutch lady had joined the particular company with the brand name Dutch Baby. In 1963, Pacific Milk Industries (Malaya) Sendirian Berhad was incorporated in Malaysia with the commissioning of a sweetened milk factory in Petaling Jaya. This factory was the first oversea production factory of the parent company. The Company has begun their operation in the late 1965 and started to manufacture sweetened condensed milk with the licenses from the parent company. In year 1968, Pacific Milk industries (Malaya) were converted into a public company and became the very first daily production company that listed in the Stock of Exchange of Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The name of the company was changed from Pacific Milk Industries Berhad to Dutch Baby Milk Industries (Malaya) Berhad in the hope to avoid the confusion in the trade and marketplace surrounding the name of the company. The company had emphasis on the production of the Dutch Baby Sweetened Condensed Milk. In line with the Companys diversification programmed, the Company commissioned and built an Ultra Heat Treated Milk Plant. Locally packed Dutch Baby Modified Baby Food was also introduced in the same year. Dutch Baby Milk Industries (Malaya) Berhad had sought for diversification in their product by introduces the new fruit juice drink product under the JOY brand name in year 1979. Dutch Baby Milk Industries (Malaya) Berhad also concern the safety of their product by introducing the sterilized milk in plastic bottles in the 1983. In year 1984, Dutch Baby Milk Industries (Malaya) Berhad once again change their name to Dutch Lady for product positioning reason. In late 1985, a 3 storey building was build to house the Milk Powder packing plant as their business grew. During 1987, the Company underwent an equity restructuring exercise to comply with the Governments New Economic Policy. The share capital was enlarged to RM16.0 million. In the same year Dutch Lady had the production of pasteurized milk in their production. Dutch Lady had introduced the yogurt and growing up milk in the late 1988 as the strategy to compete with their competitors. Dutch lady Milk Industries had delisted from the Stock Exchange of Singapore in 1989, In compliance with the Governments national policy to pro mote the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. In 1994, Dutch Lady Milk industries have their new milestone in the Dairy Product production. A new warehouse was built to accommodate the companys growing business. Human capital started to expand in line with organizational needs. It is very grateful that Dutch Lady Milk Industries has obtained certification under the ISO 9001 standards. In 1999, Dutch Lady received the Readers Digest Super Brands Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia. In the same year The Dutch Lady UHT Plant also received HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) certification from the Ministry of Health. In year 2000, Dutch Lady received its second Readers Digest Super Brands Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia. The Company changed its name from Dutch Baby Milk Industries (Malaya) Berhad to Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad, to be in line with its main brand Dutch Lady with a new commitment Goodness for Life. In year 2001, Dutch Lady received its third Readers Digest Super Brands Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia and in year 2002 Dutch Lady won the Brand Equity award for liquid milk. In the same year Dutch Lady Sterilized Milk Plant once again received HACCP (Hazard Analysis Control Point) certification from the Ministry of Health. By the way Dutch Lady received its fourth Readers Digest Super Brands Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia The Companys share capital was increased from RM16.0 million to RM64.0 million via a 3 for 1 bonus issue, in compliance with the then Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange ruling. In 2003, Dutch Lady upgraded the ISO 9001:1994 certification to ISO 9001:2000 standard. Dutch Lady launches a range of DHA-enhanced milk products for infants and young children. Again, The Dutch Lady Powder Plant received HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) certification from the Ministry of Health. In 2003 also Dutch Lady received its fifth Readers Digest Super Brands Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia. Nutrition for Vitality Dutch Lady revamped its brand image and packaging with the new corporate tagline Get Ready For Life! to profile vitality through healthy lifestyles and activities. In 2004 Dutch Lady received its sixth consecutive Readers Digest Super Brand Gold Award for being voted the preferred brand of milk products in Malaysia. Dutch Lady Corporation did not forget their social responsibilities to the society in 2006 Dutch Lady donated RM70000 worth of products to Deputy .Prime Minister for the Johor flood victims. In the year of 2004 also Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad had won the Award given by National Productivity Corporation (NPC). The objectives of the award are to recognize the companys outstanding productivity management, enhancement and the importance of productivity improvement towards economic development in Malaysia Among the product that produce by Dutch Lady Milk Industries includes; for the growing children Dutch Lady had produce the following product: DL Yes! DL Langkah 1 DL Langkah 2 DL 123Growing up Milk DL 456Growing up Milk Frisolac Gold 1 Frisolac Gold 2 Friso Gold 3 Friso Gold 4 For the family; DL Low Fat Yoghurt DL UHT Milk DL Sterilized Milk DL Pasteurized Milk DL Milk Powder DL Creamers Joy Juice For the young adults DL Shine DL iced Latte 2.0 METHODOLOGY Our group had used the secondary resources, Internet to accomplish the assignment given. We had refer to these website to obtain ours information and the financial statement of the company. http://www.dutchlady.com.my/en/home.asp http://www.icongrouponline.com/pr/Dutch_Lady_Milk_Industries_Berhad_MY/PR.html http://www.dutchlady.com.my/en/home.asp?page=financialsubpage=annual http://www.dutchlady.com.my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_QuarterlyReport_Dec06.pdf http://www.dutchlady.com.my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_QuarterlyReport_Dec07.pdf http://www.dutchlady.com.my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_QuarterlyReport_Dec08.pdf We also refer to the handout that given by the lecturer to solve the ratio in order to finish our financial analysis for the company. We had use several formula to solve the calculation in the handout and we also refer to our textbook for the difficulties that faces by us. Financial ratio analysis includes liquidity ratio, asset management ratio, profitability ratio and leverage ratio. Below are the lists of the formula that we use for this assignment. Current Ratio Higher figure means the business financial condition is better as it has enough liquid assets for its operation. Quick Ratio Higher figure shows the business has enough quick assets to cover its short-term debt immediately. Average Collection Period Comparison of this ratio with credit period will measure the efficiency of the firm to collect its debt. Inventory Turnover Higher figure shows that the firms inventory moves more quickly, meaning that inventory will be sold and replaced more frequently. Total Asset Turnover This ratio will indicate how much of sales can be generated from every dollar of the firms asset. Higher result shows that the firm manages its asset effectively. Debt Ratio Lower ratio is better. It means more coverage earn by creditors if the firm goes bankrupt. Time Interest Earn Ratio The ratio indicates firms ability in paying interest. Higher ratio shows better ability in meeting interest payment. Net Profit Margin Higher ratio is better because it shows the reducing in expenses or cost in producing sales. Return on Equity Higher ratio is better because it shows that the firm can generate better return to the owner of the firm. 4.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Malaysias liquidity has becomes better from the year 2006 to 2008. Although the current ratio has decrease from 2006 to 2007 which is from 1.773 times to 1.414 times but the ratio increases from year 2007 to 2008 which is from 1.414 times in year 2007 raise to 1.737 times in year 2008. It shows that the business financial condition is becoming better where it has enough liquid asset of its operation in year 2008. Based on the quick ratio, the firms liquidity is not stable from the year 2006 until 2008, which it has decreases from 1.148 times to 0.702 times. The decreased ratio shows that the business might not have enough quick assets in year 2007 to pay its short term debt immediately compare to year 2006. However the ratio increases to 1.134 times in year 2008 and this mean the company have enough quick assets to pay their short term debts. The Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad had become less efficient in collecting its account receivable from year 2006 to 2008 which the average collection period has increases from 45.6 days to 59.39 days. These figures show that the business need to take longer time in year 2008 compare to year 2006 to collect its debt. Based on the total assets turnover, the company has manages its assets more efficiency in year 2006 compare to year 2007 and 2008 which is decrease from 2.43 times to 2.067 times and increase back to 2.41 times in 2008. This means that more sales have been generated from every Ringgit Malaysia of the company assets in year 2006 compare to 2007 and 2008 The fixed assets turnover has also increased from 9.321 times in year 2006 to 10.11 times in year 2007 and 10.62 times in 2008. The increasing in this ratio shows that the company has been more effective in produces the business sales from its fixed assets. Profitability Ratios is measures that indicate how well a firm is performing in terms of its ability to generate profit. Return on assets (ROA) is use to indicate how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. Base from the calculation, it was show that the return on assets is decrease from 20.4% (year 2006)to 16.04% (year 2007) and 14.4% (year 2008), more higher value (%) is calculated that means higher return on assets, so the return on total assets is evidently decrease 6% from year 2006 until year 2008. Net profit margin is use to measures how  much out  of every ringgit Malaysia  of sales a company actually keeps in earning. Base from the calculation, it was show that the net profit margin is decrease from 8.4% (year 2006) to 7.8% (year 2007) and 6% (year 2008), so that means the Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad has a net income of RM0.084 for each ringgit Malaysia of sales in year 2006, but it was decrease to RM0.078 for each ringgit Malaysia of sales in year 2007 and RM0.06 in year 2008. Return on equity (ROE) is measures a corporations profitability  by revealing how much  profit a company generates  with the money shareholders have invested.  Base from the calculation, it was show that the return on equity is increase from35.6% to 37.13% (year 2007) but decrease to 26.4% (year 2008). Higher value (%) is calculated that means the common stockholders of the firm will receive more return on their equity investment, so the return on equity was indicate the accounting return on the common stockholders investment was evidently increase 1.5% from 2006 to 2007 and decrease 10.73% from year 2007 until year 2008. In a conclusion, the calculated was indicating the Profitability Ratios of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad at year 2006 is better than year 2008. The debt ratio of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad increase from 42.8% to 56.8% from year 2006 to 2007 and decrease from 56.82% (year 2007) to 45.3% (year 2008).Although the company need adequate short term borrowing in year 2007 to cover their operation but in year 2008 the companys short term borrowing shows the obvious decline. This shows that in the year 2007 the company total debt is higher than the year of 2008, and this prove that the company manage to decrease their debt and making their total asset increase throughout the year before to the next year. This also shows that the company has the ability to pay up their liabilities and due to this its shows that this company has a low financial risk where the percentage of debt ratios is decreasing after the coming year. Apart from that, this show that the firms assets that financed by debt is used effectively where the ratio is lower than in the year 2007 because less debt in financing results in shows less financial risk. The time interest earned of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad is increase from 126.98 times to 264.33 times from 2006 to 2007 and decrease from 264.33 times (year 2007) to 196.47 times (year 2008). This is because the revenue for company has increase from 2006 to 2007 and decrease along two years which are 2007 and 2008. At the same time, the interest expenses for company have increase along three years. This is because maybe the company not able to generate sufficient revenue so that they need to increase their loan. As a result, it leads to increase and decrease in time interest earned. Through this, the company shows that they need to improve their ability in meeting interest payment. This ratio used to measure the number of times the firm has gained to pay interest expenses. The higher the ratio is better because it shows the ability in meeting interest payment.

The Forbidden Experiment by Roger Shattuck Essay -- Forbidden Experime

The Forbidden Experiment by Roger Shattuck It is one of the oldest unanswered questions in all of science. Though slightly more grounded in empirical science than the likes of "Where did we come from?" or "Why are we here?" the impossible Nature/Nurture dichotomy has tormented truth-bound scientists for years. Recent advances in genetics have brought forward new possibilities for those who would study the pure effects of environmental variables on animals, but we are far from allowing ourselves to manipulate other human beings in such ways for the sake of collecting data. This strong moral stance does not diminish our curiosity and so the question must be asked: What would we do if a case in which the human had already been manipulated, by no will of our own, fell into the hands of science? How far would we go? Every couple hundred years, one of these humans, by chance or by a case of true cruelty, falls into the hands of scientists, eager to make the most of such a 'misfortune'. Roger Shattuck's The Forbidden Experiment follows one of the more prominent cases of our recent history, that of the 'Wild Boy of Aveyron.' The book takes little time to peak the reader's curiosity with the tale of a "savage" twelve-year-old wandering out of the woods of southern France on a cold January evening in 1800. Without a known history or the ability to communicate with his captors, Victor, as he was later named, was assumed to have lived in the wild for at least six years and probably more. In the midst of an intellectually lively France, Victor wandered into immediate fame and was brought to Paris so that the most capable scientists could take advantage of studying a human raised almost completely in isolation. The st... ...t are our motives in these 'unfortunate' instances? Would we learn from the dumb how not to speak; how to forget? Or would we teach language and culture so that Victor may live with us and suffer as we do? What does that make us? References 1) Shattuck, Roger. The Forbidden Experiment. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1980 2)NOVA transcript, transcript for 'Genie' episode http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2112gchild.html 3)The Civilizing of Genie , the story of Genie http://kccesl.tripod.com/genie.html 4)Online News Hour, Shattuck interview http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/january97/forbid_1-2.html 5)Ethical Culture Book Review, review of Forbidden Knowledge http://www.ethicalculture.org/review/articles/forbiddenknowledge.html 6)Feral Children Website, a great resource about 'wild' children http://www.feralchildren.com/en/index.php

how to argue and win every time Essay -- essays research papers

HOW TO ARGUE AND WIN EVERYTIME Jerry Spence startes off by asking why do we argue? He says that he doesn't like to argue and he doesn't like people that do. The confused me at first. He askes why not ty to get along, and besides when he argues he loses. He says we were born to make a winning argument just as we were born to walk. Mr. Spence says that we are so bound up, so mute. From the moment we have been conditioned to avoid confrontation. We have been taught not to let our emotions show. By the time we become adults the word argue calls up dark and negative feelings. Many throughout our lives have forced up to accept their ways, their relugion, their values, ect... The key to our freedom is embarrassingly obvious. We need only to give ourselves permission, to unlock to doors. The key is to give ourselves permission to peer out of our closets and to look around, to ask questions and demand respect. We need to speak out and just to be. Most people are afriad to argue because it just causes trouble. Our arguements turn sour, the words ugly, the passages to the heart close, and the feelings of love are replaced by the hurt and the anger. But, fear is ourr ally. Fear confirms us. Fear is our energy that is convertible to POWER-our power. We need to learn not to afraid of our fear but to embrace it. If you feel your fear, you can also feel its power and you can change its power into YOUR power. First, to win an argument, exhaustive preparation is essential. The most prepared person will usually win. In the preparation process, you must thoroughly research and understand your case, and you must also thoroughly research and understand your opponent's position. You should know and understand the facts and arguments of your opponent better than he or she does. Second, you must have a profound understanding of the thinking and emotions of the decision maker(s) - in his case, the jury. Your argument should be framed to harmonize with the decision makers' values, wants and needs. You must understand the prejudices of the jurors and address the built-in objections they may have to your arguments. You must help them to understand the motives of your client and identify with them as their own. In other words, empathize with the jurors and help them empathize with your client. Mr. Spence emphasizes that, in order for the jurors to believe your arguments, you must ar... ... listen with empathy to the other side of the argument. This is so critical in our everyday lives. We must listen not to refute but to learn. Many times we will be able to avoid an argument altogether and quickly reach common ground. At the very least, we will be able to clearly understand where the other side is coming from. Even though Gerry Spence is a lawyer, he addresses the types of argument most of us will face. He writes about how to win argument in love relationships as well as business relationships. He even has a separate chapter entitled, " Arguing with Kids.† Spence builds his argument chapter by chapter. He carefully lays out his well-reasoned case in such a manner that the reader may find her or himself nodding in agreement. Spence's skills in the art of persuasion may remind you of a master in the martial arts. I found this book an easy and enjoyable read. How to Argue and Win Every Time is filled with many chunks of wisdom. Some of the insights have been stated before, but the book contained a surprising amount of unique, original material. Do I now win every argument? Well no, but I must say that I have avoided several since reading this wonderful book.

The Neurobiology of Genius Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Genius: The Neurobiology of Giftedness Toby Rosenberg, in all the five years of his life, has never been your typical toddler. At age 14 months, Toby could read aloud from posters his stroller passed by. A year later, he spoke both Polish and English fluently, and at the age of 4, he compiled a dictionary of hieroglyphics after visiting a museum shop and perusing through a book on ancient Egypt (1). From W.A. Mozart to Bobby Fisher to Toby Rosenberg, some children have since their birth amazed the world with their incredible intellect and abilities that can at times outdo even the brightest of adults. Why is this so, and, as many parents-to-be wonder, can a genius be created? It is evident that when a child's mental development is displayed far beyond the usual time, the only reasonable explanation is that the brain and nervous system are much more highly developed than is normal for the age (2). Some scientists believe that there are quantitative differences in these children's cerebral organization, and that these diffe rences may possibly have a genetic link. However, although results seem to indicate this as so, more data is needed to establish this firmly and to ultimately explain why so few children have such gifted abilities. First, however, one must have a clear notion of what is meant by giftedness. Only the top 2-5 % of children in the world are truly gifted. These children are precocious, self-instructing, can intuit solutions without resorting to logical, linear steps, and have an incredible interest in an area or more that they focus so intently on, that they may lose sense of the outside world (3). Early reading and development of abstract thought are typical characteristics as well. The acceleration of ment... ...cience and human genetics concerned with human learning, memory, and intellectual developments which have implications in gifted education. http://www.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/LED/GDE/brain.html 6)Raising Albert: Can studying dead brains ever tell us anything about genius?, Environmental factors may be a source of Einstein's genius. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/19990626/editorial.html 7)TI: Mental rotation and the right hemisphere, Abstract of research findings regarding enhanced development of the right cerebral hemisphere and its connection to extreme intellectual giftedness. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~crime/Mathematics_brain.html 8) Wetware: The Biological Basis of Intellectual Giftedness, A thorough analysis of the parts of the brain and their related systems in comparison to the intellectually gifted. http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/montage/v1n4p3.html The Neurobiology of Genius Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Genius: The Neurobiology of Giftedness Toby Rosenberg, in all the five years of his life, has never been your typical toddler. At age 14 months, Toby could read aloud from posters his stroller passed by. A year later, he spoke both Polish and English fluently, and at the age of 4, he compiled a dictionary of hieroglyphics after visiting a museum shop and perusing through a book on ancient Egypt (1). From W.A. Mozart to Bobby Fisher to Toby Rosenberg, some children have since their birth amazed the world with their incredible intellect and abilities that can at times outdo even the brightest of adults. Why is this so, and, as many parents-to-be wonder, can a genius be created? It is evident that when a child's mental development is displayed far beyond the usual time, the only reasonable explanation is that the brain and nervous system are much more highly developed than is normal for the age (2). Some scientists believe that there are quantitative differences in these children's cerebral organization, and that these diffe rences may possibly have a genetic link. However, although results seem to indicate this as so, more data is needed to establish this firmly and to ultimately explain why so few children have such gifted abilities. First, however, one must have a clear notion of what is meant by giftedness. Only the top 2-5 % of children in the world are truly gifted. These children are precocious, self-instructing, can intuit solutions without resorting to logical, linear steps, and have an incredible interest in an area or more that they focus so intently on, that they may lose sense of the outside world (3). Early reading and development of abstract thought are typical characteristics as well. The acceleration of ment... ...cience and human genetics concerned with human learning, memory, and intellectual developments which have implications in gifted education. http://www.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/LED/GDE/brain.html 6)Raising Albert: Can studying dead brains ever tell us anything about genius?, Environmental factors may be a source of Einstein's genius. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/19990626/editorial.html 7)TI: Mental rotation and the right hemisphere, Abstract of research findings regarding enhanced development of the right cerebral hemisphere and its connection to extreme intellectual giftedness. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~crime/Mathematics_brain.html 8) Wetware: The Biological Basis of Intellectual Giftedness, A thorough analysis of the parts of the brain and their related systems in comparison to the intellectually gifted. http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/montage/v1n4p3.html

Therapeutic Techniques

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Gerald Corey Section 5 APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The redecision therapy model of the Gouldings (1979) is grounded within the framework of TA theory, yet their methods are a combination of TA, Gestalt therapy, interactive group therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, family therapy, and psychodrama. Realizing the importance of combining the affective and the cognitive dimensions, the Gouldings draw heavily from TA heory for cognitive structure, and they use Gestalt techniques to provide the emotional work that breaks through the impasses clients often experience. Following is a brief description of some of the more commonly used processes, procedures, and techniques in TA practice. Most of them can be applied to both individual and group counseling. Therapeutic Procedures Structural analysis Structural analysis is a tool by which a person becomes aware of the content and functioning of his or her Parent, Adult, and Child.TA clients learn how to identify their own ego states. Structural analysis helps them resolve patterns that they feel stuck with. It allows them to find out which ego state their behavior is based on. With that knowledge they can determine their options. Transactional Analysis Two problems related to the structure of personality can be considered by structural analysis: contamination and exclusion. Contamination exists when the contents of one ego state are mixed with those of another. For example, the Parent, the Child, or both may intrude within the oundaries of the Adult ego state and interfere with the clear thinking and functioning of the Adult. (Figure 1). Contamination from the Parent is typically manifested through prejudiced ideas and attitudes; contamination from the Child involves distorted perceptions of reality. When contamination of the Adult by the Parent, the Child, or both exists, â€Å"boundary work† is called for so that the demarcation of each eg o state can be clearly drawn. When the ego-state boundaries are realigned, he person understands his or her Child and Parent rather than being contaminated by them. Here are some statements reflecting contamination from the Parent: â€Å"Don’t mix with people who are not of our kind†; â€Å"Never trust Italians†; â€Å"Watch out for mechanics; they’ll cheat you every time†; â€Å"You can’t depend on teenagers. † The following statements reflect contamination from the Child: â€Å"Everyone’s always picking on me. Nobody treats me right†; â€Å"Anything I want I should get right now†; â€Å"Who could possibly ever want to be my friend? †

Globalization of Enterprise

2012 Nigel. S. Paltoo A11904 10/9/2012 globalization of opening 715 GE fountainFlikr. com ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET(to be completed by the student) AIB student ID anatomy A11904 schoolchild crap NIGEL. S. PALTOO Course name MBA -GENERIC yield name ball-shapedization of Enterprise 715-GE Subject facilitator Dr. Brian OToole Teaching Centre NATIONS UNIVERSITY-GUYANA no. of pages 17 Word count 2708 from front well-nigh appearance to Conclusion (2500 +10% tolerance) DECLARATION I, the in a higher place named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to AIB, I lose non plagiarised twain other(a) persons piece of die in this assignment and except where suitably acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own advancedss, and has not previously been submitted for perspicacity. judging SHEET(to be completed by the examiner) Student name NIGEL. S. PALTOO Course name MBA -GENERIC Sub ject name Globalization of Enterprise 715-GE assessor/marker COMMENTS Principles learnt (for example, number and understanding of principles referred to, their charm on the structure of this paper, number and turn citations ofreferences, use of appropriate jargon) /4 finishing of principles. That is, theanalysis and evaluation of the example caper seatd on the principles, including the last recomm supplantations and their plea /8 How well the example hassle was described, including the extent and depth of information (including the data) upright tenuously it that was accessed /4 Structure and typifyation /2 demeanor, grammar and linguistic process /2 Total little penalties GRAND TOTAL /20 superior general comments FOR MODERATORS USE ONLY I agree with the assessors assessment I disagree with the assessors assessment and the b atomic number 18-assed mark is as follows for the following reasons /20 Moderator NATIONS UNIVERSITYGUYANAAUS TRALIAN shew OF BUSINESS-MBA GLOBALIZATION OF ENTERPRISE-715 GEASSIGNMENT Comparing and contrasting more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than or less(prenominal) countries for multi res publicaal en astronomicalment into by local anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic app bel comp whatsoever Denmor turn Manu itemurers. identification You atomic number 18 the manager of a job (in your rustic or region) that is thinking of leaving global. Compargon and contrast dickens various overseas grocerys for the planetary expansion of your furrow, lotion a stipulation of 1 semipolitical scrimping issues pagan issues 3 access schema 4 strategic t disclose ensembleiances proceed your assignment with a very drawing description of the entrepreneurial billet that you argon writing close. This condescension stooge be your own billet or iodin that you atomic number 18 familiar with, or it stomach be a hypothetical i base on an amalgam of several(prenominal) descentes of which you are aware. Conclude the assignment with whether the business should go to unriv everyed or the other of the two countries, or n one and only(a), or some(prenominal). The bring number of words should be 2500 words.For penalties regarding stupendous the word limit, enjoy refer to AIB Style Guide. For guidance on how to write an assignment, please refer to AIB Assignment Guide. Please note, the word count does not include your put out page, an abstract, table of contents, enumerate of references or appendices. thus you poop place whatever financial backing material that exceeds this word limit into appendices. til now, a reader should not keep up got to notion at an appendix to know about the main thrust of the points you are do in your assignment.So make sure all your main points are in the body of your report and refer there to the appendices that go forth support the points you are making in the body of your report, because the reader may not aroma at the appendices otherwise. Abstract In the last quarter of the 20th hundred to ease up day the mankind economy has beseem to a greater extent(prenominal) integrated and dependent than ever before, with businesses some(prenominal) large and dishonor-ranking increaseing beyond their traditional local marketplaceplaces as barriers to earth cover came down and technology advanced resulting in signifi grasstly move communication and transportation exist.This phenomenal trade in the international environment in which business is call fored has resulted in enlarged takes of impertinent direct investment by companies from certain countries in lesser articulateed economies much(prenominal) as the Third humans as sparing benefits were sought through the globalization of business as well as markets. (Hill 2011, p. 5)With the benefits organism widely seen to outweigh the disadvantages eleganter companies are feel for the arrangements internationally that would outstrip serve their interests of growth and expansion with companies from lesser developed countries now too flavour to capitalize as well by creating synergies at the basic aim by expanding their market horizons overseas, penetrating first and expanding as demand and relationships develop. This shift in the world economy towards greater integration and interdependency is one counseling of describing Globalization (Hill 2011, p. ). Globalization can be seen as the annex of functional integration between internationally dispersed economic activities, which is quite recent, as opposed to the older phenomenon of Internationalization which refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across borders and oceans which number oneed in the 17th century when the colonial proponents started dividing up continents in the New earthly concern in search of raw materials and markets (Devaraja 2011).In Guyana, the more realized companies call for been seeking avenue s to expand their markets overseas through merchandiseings and by establishing dismay direct strategical bails. Hardly any local company has sought to globalize its ingatheringion to augment its positivity. For any company visiting for to embark on international sham the interdependent political, economic and legal agreements of the purpose rustic along with its underlying heathenish fabric must be examined and study in detail before any investment is do (Hill 2011, p. 45).In Guyana, a diminutive English address, third world country in southwest America, the more completed manu occurrenceuring companies maintain been seeking avenues to expand their markets first through exports and also by establishing lower level strategic alliances overseas. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM) is one much(prenominal) SME within the apparel intentness in Guyana that has benefited from the effects of Globalization by having contracts to manufacture specific formulates from companies owning major shuffling names in the USA (which are looking to lower their production costs) as well as by exportation directly to major retailers overseas.Table of Contents Page. 1. 0 Introduction 9 2. 0 Denmor Garment Manufacturers 9 3. 0 Current musculus quadriceps femoris with DGM 10 3. 0 The scrap of international expansion 11 4. 0 policy-making and Economy Issues 12 5. 0 ethnic Issues 15 6. 0 Entry Strategies 16 7. 0 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 18 1. 0 Introduction The aim of this investigate is to analyze the potential of two countries trivial listed as possible candidates for the further international expansion of DGM.These two options are reviewed in the perspective of the main issues that redeem to be taken into account when bowl overing business expansion into international markets viz Political economy issues, pagan issues, Entry strategy and Strategic alliances with the dissimilariate of af exquisites in both countries be compared and contrasted with a decision being arrived at as to whether to expand into one, both or none of the two countries. It would be unsufferable to look at all aspects of the Socio-Economic, Cultural and Political landscape of the countries being considered thusly only the reas most homogeneously to accept an impact on DGMs venture are considered in the context of the nature of its business and the products on offer. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM) Location 7, 8, 9 Coldigen Industrial Estate, East Coast Demerara, Guyana. DGM is a private company in Guyana which commenced trading procedures in 1997 and presently employs 1000 persons of which 97 % are women. Denmor has the capacity to respond to orders of up to 50,000 dozens of dos per month, and can produce up to 15 different styles at the similar time.Approximately 75 percent of Denmors activities deal amply production (where the maker manages all aspects except design), demonstrating an ability to carry out measure out-added manufact uring activities and translateing-chain management. 100 percent of its products are exported, with its customers including near of the worlds leading brands and plane section stores, including Russell Athletic, Victorias Secret, Paris Accessories, wagon train Heusen, JC Penny and Wal-Mart. (Goinvest n. d) 2. 0 Current home with DGMAs it is DGM is presently a small part of a buyer operate value chain environment where the large retailers, marketers and brand name manufacturers have accomplished a diverse decentralized net of production in third world and developing countries and are leveraging at the design and retail stages (Devaraja 2011). Having had a average level of success from its operations and acquired wide know-how from its alliances DGM is looking to expand its market base and production capacity but is cumber locally by the limited supply of force for any new mill and weak local demand for shore wear and sport uniforms.The distinguish processes of DGMs op eration are very fight intensive involving the cutting of fabric and making of components by sewing machine and assembling into final product, this postulates a semi-skilled to skilled level of labour. The take exception facing DGM is to remain a matched player and to be able to increase profitability either by acquire a bigger bite of the value chain from the companies overseas (expanding more into full production),developing its own brands or by securing new large brand name manufacturer customers and orders.It is therefrom logical implicationant that DGM look to increase its manufacturing plant capacity while at the same time keeping costs down thereby increasing attracter to buyers. Faced with a limited labour supply and a high cost of energy and sometimes erratic power supply for sewing machines and air-conditioned factories it has become critical that DGM seriously consider the resource of moving overseas. After much consideration DGMs management has concluded that th e area with greatest growth potential would be to expand using its own designs and brands.DGM has acquired significant expertness in the production of high end female underwear and in acrobatic uniforms from producing Victorias Secret products and Russell Athletic brand uniforms for the US NBA and is confident that it can tap into the supply chain for fabrics and using its own design police squad produce a new line of female underwear, beachwear and generic association football uniforms that would have a higher gauge and a outlying(prenominal) cheaper price, nonetheless in Guyana it is constrained by weak local demand and labour supply. . 0 The challenge of international expansion Like any other firm contemplating international trade is faced with three strategic decisions about which countries to enter, when to enter and at what scurf the inlet would be. Consideration would have to be addicted to potential opportunities as well as areas of jeopardize which must be almost analysed (Hill 2011).The countries selected for consideration would first be compared and contrasted with their diaphanous political, economic and ethnic realities being looked at then options relating to possible entry strategy (ies) leave considered along with strategic alliances that may be advantageous or necessary The two countries being considered for expansion into are brazil nut and Trinidad. Before these two countries would have been brought up for further consideration they would have been on a longer list of potential candidates he rest of which would have been eliminated with brazil-nut tree and Trinidad encounter the basic criteria of having a significantly larger population than Guyana, they are both developing countries (better off economically than Guyana), with a free market system in place, manageable national debt and oneness digit inflation rates and both countries are geographically close by. A decision has been make that once the two options are found t o be pleasing then entry into that market will be made within half a dozensome months. Map of South America and Confederate Caribbean Islands showing brazil nut, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago. Source www. worldatlas. comPolitical economy issues brazil-nut tree and Trinidad are both democracies, having had free and fair elections for the past two decades. Both countries currently have female presidents. brazil-nut tree is a Federal nation consisting of twenty- hexad states the smallest of which is furthest larger than Trinidad which is a twin island republic with a sister island Tobago. Both countries can be considered politically still with the most recent incidence of serious paroxysm being twenty two years ago when Trinidad had a failed coup with members of the Jamaat al Muslimeem trying to seize power. Individualism is prise in both countries but more so in Trinidad.Indicator brazil Trinidad size 3,287,357 square miles 1,980 square miles Population 197 zillion (201 1 est. ) 1. 3 million (2011 est. ) Government Federative country Democratic Republic Legal brass brazil is a former colony of Portugal. The brazil-nut treeian legal system is found on Civil Law. Former British colony. The legal and judicial system is based on English common natural law and practice. ECONOMIC brazil Trinidad gross domestic product GDP USD $2. 45 trillion brazil is the ordinal largest economy in the world. USD $ 24. 63 million GDP per Capita USD $4,803 USD $16,699GNI per Capita USD $11,500 USD $24,940 Exchange rate BRL 1. 00= GYD $100. 00 TT $1. 00 = GYD $30. 00 Inflation 5. 24 % 5. 4% militia US$ 349. 708 trillion US$ 9. 692 billion Debt as a % of GDP 65. 1% 37. 3% Unemployment 6% 5. 5% Source Communicaid and Central Intelligence Agency World Fact loudness and www. tradingeconomics. com The data presented augurs that both Brazil and Trinidad are about as politically stable as Guyana with both countries being economically better off. However in Bra zil there is a greater divide between exuberant and poor and a higher level of crime relative to Guyana and Trinidad.Both Brazil and Trinidad are currently experiencing low levels of inflation and unemployment Brazil foreign Trinidad has a tax on financial work outions Brazil is far more bureaucratic when it comes to starting a business taking up to six months to get all the paperwork done whereas in Trinidad it is considerably easier and should only take one to two months. In Brazil get certain legal permissions for establishing a business expedited may engage the payment of bribes. there are no limits to repatriation of registered capital and no taxes on profits repatriated from both countries.DGM would have to consider the higher level of bureaucracy in Brazil when it comes to acquire things started (which creates opportunities for bribes to be extorted) as compared to Trinidad. A business var. visa is required for investing and doing business in Brazil with a stripped level of investment being USD $50,000 being required. A Guyanese can transact and conduct business in Trinidad without a visa as yet a work permit would be required. In Brazil it may be necessary to strike a middleman (despachante) to navigate the snarl of bureaucracy. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012).On the key issue of protection of position rights both Brazil and Trinidad have legal furnish for the protection of real assets and intellectual property rights, both countries having signed international agreements, that, the workbench in Brazil is inefficient and number to political as well as economic operate with piracy of copyright material being fairly widespread. Brazil presents a higher degree of riskiness due to lower levels of property rights protection. Trinidad un equal Brazil is a member of CARICOM just like Guyana which imparts free trade among members. there is a free trade geographical zone in Manaus in Brazil.Taxation in Brazil is extremely com plex and not as uniform as in Trinidad. apostrophize of labour in both Trinidad and Brazil is higher than in Guyana but is more available. Cost of energy is cheaper in both countries relative to Guyana. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012). Politically and economically there are fewer challenges for DGM to expand to Trinidad as compared to Brazil, however with inflation levels and unemployment levels being almost equalize and exchange rates being stable there is still a degree of attractiveness to expand to Brazil if ways a cycles/second the red tape can be achieved.CULTURAL ISSUES Cultural differences can present a variety of problems when looking to conduct business in foreign markets from language barriers, employee behaviour and work ethic to strategic planning, it is therefore essential that entrepreneurs familiarise themselves with more than just the laws governing a hunting lodge and obtain an understanding of the underlying values,norms and mores so as to be able to greet what is different and what is the same, what is acceptable and what maybe considered prohibited or disrespectful. (Hill 2011)Trinidad is an English speaking Caribbean country with a diverse multi ethnic gild that has fused relatively well into a distinct Trini culture with a mixture of East Indian, African, European and American influences, theology is mainly Christian, Hinduism and Islam. Carnival is celebrated p.a. with Soca and Calypso music, elaborate costumes and floats, parades and beach parties over a one week period. Trinidad like Brazil is very nationalistic and elevated of their country and its national symbols and flag colours. Trinidad is also a soccer crazy nation but not to the extreme as Brazil.There is a strong American influence in the way business is conducted in Trinidad which is very much alike with the way fall uponings and other business dealings are conducted in Guyana however it is somewhat different in Brazil. Brazil is Portuguese speaking with a far larger population who are predominantly Roman Catholic, however just like Trinidad there is an yearbook Carnival and a strong soccer and beach culture since Brazil has some of the most attractive beaches on South Americas Eastern Atlantic coastline and year round sunny weather.There are more heathen issues to be considered by DGM in looking to expand to Brazil than Trinidad (CIA World fact book 2012, US Commercial Service-US division of traffic 2012). Brazilians do not like to discuss business during lunch whereas that would be ok in Trinidad, coffee tipsiness is a ritual in Brazil whereas having a semi formal meeting over beers or whiskey is sane in Trinidad. There are a few hand signals acceptable in Guyana and Trinidad like the OK that would be considered haughty in Brazil (Communicaid assort Ltd 2012).It would therefore be a bit more challenging from a cultural perspective for DGM to do business in Brazil as compared to Trinidad. Both countries have a well dev eloped tourism manufacturing with visitors from the US and Europe looking for differentiate products with unique designs, fabrics and colour. Although both countries presently have female presidents, males dominate business as such initial business meetings should be male led, but with DGM trading in the female apparel industry including a female during negotiations would be wise.Entry Strategy Having made a decision to expand to some other country the management would need to consider all the risks and decide on the timing, way of life and scale of entry to be pick out (Hill, 2011). In entering a foreign market there are six modes of entry that a firm can consider each with advantages and disadvantages ranging from Exporting, Turnkey contracts,Licensing,Joint Ventures to solely Owned Subsidiary. (Hill 2011,p. 32) Brazil presents a more challenging environment both politically, economically and culturally but DGM should not predominate out expansion into the Brazilian market place since the sheer size of its population and law of proximity to Guyana offers immense potential, however, at this time DGM should look at exporting finished products by finding a wholesale electrical distributor with a wide network of resellers to export beachwear to and also seek to market team uniforms directly to soccer teams especially in the lower divisions and have a local representative do meetings and collect sizes and measurements etc. ith delivery being done through this intermediary but with payments being remitted by bank transfers directly to DGM. By firing the export route to Brazil import tariffs would be an additional cost as opposed to having a factory in the Manaus free trade zone, as such DGM should gauge the acceptance of its offerings and then look to develop strategic alliances at the manufacturing level later on if market conditions indicate the potential for higher profitability. DGM should be circumspect in its business arrangements and look to vo uch transactions using letters of realization until levels of trust are established.In Trinidad DGM should look to develop a joint venture with a suitable partner who has excess memory space suitable for establishing a garment factory thereby reducing the level of capital investment required, register its brands in Trinidad, establish a small scale factory and produce both beachwear and soccer and other sport uniforms in Trinidad and market both to the local Trinidad market and export to the distributors in Brazil and further afield. Strategic alliances would also be needed to market products across Trinidad as such a partner with appropriate channels already in place would be utilizable at the entry phase.A strategic alliance with a business in an uncorrelated industry that has excess building space would be preferred to one that is in the same industry with spare labour and machine capacity due to the risk of having that partner appropriating designs and customers. Timing of th ese two ventures is important, however with the slow pace at which negotiations and business dealings flow in Brazil it may be prudent to start interim talks with potential distributors at the same time as getting the joint venture arrangement and factory setup in Trinidad.Products would be differentiate in both markets according to designs and colors, more revealing beachwear is acceptable in Brazil and labeling would have to be in Portuguese as such a multi-domestic climax would be necessary with products being made specifically for each of the two markets with a slight overlap. This strategy should not be too costly given that the slight differences between products do not require different skills and machines and the designs for the Brazilian market would require less material but have the same selling price.Conclusion The beach and gymnastic wear segment of the apparel market is already established in both countries, as such there is no first mover advantage to be gained, ho wever DGM is confident that it can undertake a niche by proviso an overall better quality product (stitchwork,design,fabric) at a far lower price. Brazil which has the largest potential market has relatively more political economy and cultural barriers which increase the levels of risk and possibility for unsuccessful person so DGM should be cautious when expanding into this market.Trinidad on the other hand has much more political economy and cultural similarities with Guyana and this would allow for easier entry, allowing DGM to be more aggressive, which could end up solving the production capacity problems for DGM to meet the anticipated new demand when the export channels into Brazil open up which would in turn satisfy the present need for a wider market base. If both of these expansions come to fruition DGM can behave growth in demand and profitability over the long term with economic benefits accruing to each of the three countries. 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